Abstract
At un-signalised at-grade intersections or roundabouts, motorcyclists have to make a quick decision to manoeuvre and avoid crash. Many studies show that risk-taking behaviour is the major cause of accidents in young motorcyclists. In this study, we analysed various factors that are involved in the risk-taking behaviour of young motorcyclists at un-signalised intersections. Online questionnaires were distributed among university and college students in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The data of 490 respondents were collected to test the research model. Partial least square structural equation modelling approach was used to evaluate the measurement model, structural model and importance-performance map analysis. In this study, we assumed that risk-taking behaviour of young motorcyclists at un-signalised intersections could be influenced by several factors, i.e., demographic, past crash involvement, and peer influence. The results revealed that past crash involvement, confidence level, and peer influence were the significant factors that affect the risk-taking behaviour. Peer influence has the highest effect on the risk-taking behaviour. The person whose friends encourage them to take risk and accept challenges is more likely to exhibit the risk-taking behaviour. Those people who are more confident while riding a motorcycle are more likely to take risks.
References
Polders E, et al. Crash patterns at signalized intersections. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2015;2514(1): 105-116. doi: 10.3141/2514-12.
Duddu VR, Kukkapalli VM, Pulugurtha SS. Crash risk factors associated with injury severity of teen drivers. IATSS research. 2019;43(1): 37-43.
Borhan MN, Ibrahim ANH, Aziz A, Yazid MRM. The relationship between the demographic, personal, and social factors of Malaysian motorcyclists and risk taking behavior at signalised intersections. Accid Anal Prev. 2018;121: 94-100. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.09.004.
Romero DL, de Barros DM, Belizario GO, Serafim AP. Personality traits and risky behavior among motorcyclists: An exploratory study. PLoS One. 2019;14(12): e0225949. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225949.
Soto C, Jackson J. Five-Factor Model of Personality; 2013.
Dahlen ER, et al. Taking a look behind the wheel: An investigation into the personality predictors of aggressive driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2012;45: 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2011.11.012.
Oltedal S, Rundmo T. The effects of personality and gender on risky driving behaviour and accident involvement. Safety Science. 2006;44(7): 621-628. doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2005.12.003.
Lee J-Y, Chung J-H, Son B. Analysis of traffic accident size for Korean highway using structural equation models. Accident Analysis Prevention. 2008;40(6): 1955-1963. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2008.08.006.
Susilo YO, Joewono TB, Vandebona U. Reasons underlying behaviour of motorcyclists disregarding traffic regulations in urban areas of Indonesia. Accid Anal Prev. 2015;75: 272-84. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.12.016.
Totkova Z, Racheva R. A multidimensional method for assessing personality characteristics related to risky driving behavior. Psychol. Res. 2019;22: 746-775.
Haque MM, Chin HC, Huang H. Examining exposure of motorcycles at signalized intersections. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2008;2048(1): 60-65. doi: 10.3141/2048-08.
Wong J-T, Chung Y-S, Huang S-H. Determinants behind young motorcyclists’ risky riding behavior. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2010;42(1): 275-281. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2009.08.004.
Chang H-L, Yeh T-H. Risk factors to driver fatalities in single-vehicle crashes: Comparisons between non-motorcycle drivers and motorcyclists. Journal of Transportation Engineering. 2006;132(3): 227-236. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2006)132:3(227).
Hongsranagon P, et al. Traffic risk behavior and perceptions of Thai motorcyclists: A case study. IATSS Research. 2011;35(1): 30-33. doi: 10.1016/j.iatssr.2011.03.001.
Haworth N, Greig K, Nielson A. Comparison of risk taking in moped and motorcycle crashes. Transportation Research Record. 2009;2140(1): 182-187. doi: 10.3141/2140-20.
Savolainen P, Mannering F. Effectiveness of motorcycle training and motorcyclists' risk-taking behavior. Transportation Research Record. 2007;2031(1): 52-58. doi: 10.3141/2031-07.
Chang F, et al. Identifying motorcycle high-risk traffic scenarios through interactive analysis of driver behavior and traffic characteristics. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology. 2019;62: 844-854. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2019.03.010.
Joewono TB, Susilo YO. Traffic violations by young motorcyclists on Indonesian urban roads. Journal of Transportation Safety Security. 2017;9(sup1): 236-261. doi: 10.1080/19439962.2016.1247123.
Truong LT, Nguyen HT, De Gruyter C. Mobile phone use while riding a motorcycle and crashes among university students. Traffic Injury Prevention. 2019;20(2): 204-210. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2018.1546048.
Chen S-J, Chen C-Y, Lin M-R. Risk factors for crash involvement in older motorcycle riders. Accident Analysis Prevention. 2018;111: 109-114. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.11.006.
Harith SH, Mahmud N. Human risk factors and road accident causation among motorcyclists in Malaysia: A review article. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management; 2018.
Fai LC. Miros statistics say human error causes 80% of traffic accidents. Sun Media Corporation Sdn. Bhd; 2015.
Rusli R, Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Abd Salam SA. Risky riding behaviours among motorcyclists in Malaysia: A roadside survey. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology Behaviour. 2020;74: 446-457. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2020.08.031.
Cordellieri P, et al. Driving attitudes, behaviours, risk perception and risk concern among young student car-drivers, motorcyclists and pedestrians in various EU countries. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology Behaviour. 2019;65: 56-67. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2019.07.012.
Hassanzadeh K, Salarilak S, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Golestani M. Motorcyclist risky riding behaviors and its predictors in an Iranian population. Journal of Injury Violence Research. 2020;12(2): 161. doi: 10.5249/jivr.v12i2.936.
Seo H-C, Lee Y-S, Kim J-J, Jee N-Y. Analyzing safety behaviors of temporary construction workers using structural equation modeling. Safety Science. 2015;77: 160-168. doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2015.03.010.
Hamdar SH, Mahmassani HS, Chen RB. Aggressiveness propensity index for driving behavior at signalized intersections. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2008;40(1): 315-326. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2007.06.013.
Chung J-H, Ahn Y. Structural equation models of day-to-day activity participation and travel behavior in a developing country. Transportation Research Record. 2002;1807(1): 109-118. doi: 10.3141/1807-14.
Hair Jr JF, Hult GTM, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M. A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications; 2021.
Hair J, Black W, Babin B, Anderson R. Multivariate data analysis: Pearson College Division. Pearson Prentice Hall; 2010.
Hair Jr JF, Matthews LM, Matthews RL, Sarstedt M. PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: Updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis. 2017;1(2): 107-123.
Knight PJ, Iverson D, Harris MF. Early driving experience and influence on risk perception in young rural people. Accident Analysis Prevention. 2012;45: 775-781. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2011.10.005.
Cheng AS, Ng TC, Lee HC. Impulsive personality and risk-taking behavior in motorcycle traffic offenders: A matched controlled study. Personality Individual Differences. 2012;53(5): 597-602. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.007.
Iversen H. Risk-taking attitudes and risky driving behaviour. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology Behaviour. 2004;7(3): 135-150. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2003.11.003.